---
title: "Transfer Learning with Keras Applications"
output: rmarkdown::html_vignette
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Transfer Learning with Keras Applications}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r, include = FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>",
  eval = reticulate::py_module_available("keras")
)
# Suppress verbose Keras output for the vignette
options(keras.fit_verbose = 0)
set.seed(123)
```

## Introduction

Transfer learning is a powerful technique where a model developed for one task is reused as the starting point for a model on a second task. It is especially popular in computer vision, where pre-trained models like `ResNet50`, which were trained on the massive ImageNet dataset, can be used as powerful, ready-made feature extractors.

The `kerasnip` package makes it easy to incorporate these pre-trained Keras Applications directly into a `tidymodels` workflow. This vignette will demonstrate how to:

1.  Define a `kerasnip` model that uses a pre-trained `ResNet50` as a frozen base layer.
2.  Add a new, trainable classification "head" on top of the frozen base.
3.  Tune the hyperparameters of the new classification head using a standard `tidymodels` workflow.

## Setup

First, we load the necessary packages.

```{r load-packages}
library(kerasnip)
library(tidymodels)
library(keras3)
```

## Data Preparation

We'll use the CIFAR-10 dataset, which consists of 60,000 32x32 color images in 10 classes. `keras3` provides a convenient function to download it.

The `ResNet50` model was pre-trained on ImageNet, which has a different set of classes. Our goal is to fine-tune it to classify the 10 classes in CIFAR-10.

```{r data-prep}
# Load CIFAR-10 dataset
cifar10 <- dataset_cifar10()

# Separate training and test data
x_train <- cifar10$train$x
y_train <- cifar10$train$y
x_test <- cifar10$test$x
y_test <- cifar10$test$y

# Rescale pixel values from [0, 255] to [0, 1]
x_train <- x_train / 255
x_test <- x_test / 255

# Convert outcomes to factors for tidymodels
y_train_factor <- factor(y_train[, 1])
y_test_factor <- factor(y_test[, 1])

# For tidymodels, it's best to work with data frames.
# We'll use a list-column to hold the image arrays.
train_df <- tibble::tibble(
  x = lapply(seq_len(nrow(x_train)), function(i) x_train[i, , , , drop = TRUE]),
  y = y_train_factor
)

test_df <- tibble::tibble(
  x = lapply(seq_len(nrow(x_test)), function(i) x_test[i, , , , drop = TRUE]),
  y = y_test_factor
)

# Use a smaller subset for faster vignette execution
train_df_small <- train_df[1:500, ]
test_df_small <- test_df[1:100, ]
```

## Functional API with a Pre-trained Base

The standard approach for transfer learning is to use the Keras Functional API. We will define a model where:
1. The base is a pre-trained `ResNet50`, with its final classification layer removed (`include_top = FALSE`).
2. The weights of the base are frozen (`trainable = FALSE`) so that only our new layers are trained.
3. A new classification "head" is added, consisting of a flatten layer and a dense output layer.

### Define Layer Blocks

```{r define-functional-blocks}
# Input block: shape is determined automatically from the data
input_block <- function(input_shape) {
  layer_input(shape = input_shape)
}

# ResNet50 base block
resnet_base_block <- function(tensor) {
  # The base model is not trainable; we use it for feature extraction.
  resnet_base <- application_resnet50(
    weights = "imagenet",
    include_top = FALSE
  )
  resnet_base$trainable <- FALSE
  resnet_base(tensor)
}

# New classification head
flatten_block <- function(tensor) {
  tensor |> layer_flatten()
}

output_block_functional <- function(tensor, num_classes) {
  tensor |> layer_dense(units = num_classes, activation = "softmax")
}
```

### Create the `kerasnip` Specification

We connect these blocks using `create_keras_functional_spec()`.

```{r create-functional-spec}
create_keras_functional_spec(
  model_name = "resnet_transfer",
  layer_blocks = list(
    input = input_block,
    resnet_base = inp_spec(resnet_base_block, "input"),
    flatten = inp_spec(flatten_block, "resnet_base"),
    output = inp_spec(output_block_functional, "flatten")
  ),
  mode = "classification"
)
```

### Fit and Evaluate the Model

Now we can use our new `resnet_transfer()` specification within a `tidymodels` workflow.

```{r fit-functional-model, cache=TRUE}
spec_functional <- resnet_transfer(
  fit_epochs = 5,
  fit_validation_split = 0.2
) |>
  set_engine("keras")

rec_functional <- recipe(y ~ x, data = train_df_small)

wf_functional <- workflow() |>
  add_recipe(rec_functional) |>
  add_model(spec_functional)

fit_functional <- fit(wf_functional, data = train_df_small)

# Evaluate on the test set
predictions <- predict(fit_functional, new_data = test_df_small)
bind_cols(predictions, test_df_small) |>
  accuracy(truth = y, estimate = .pred_class)
```

Even with a small dataset and few epochs, the pre-trained features from ResNet50 give us a reasonable starting point for accuracy.

## Conclusion

This vignette demonstrated how `kerasnip` bridges the world of pre-trained Keras applications with the structured, reproducible workflows of `tidymodels`.

The **Functional API** is the most direct way to perform transfer learning by attaching a new head to a frozen base model.

This approach allows you to leverage the power of deep learning models that have been trained on massive datasets, significantly boosting performance on smaller, domain-specific tasks.

```{r cleanup, include=FALSE}
remove_keras_spec("resnet_transfer")
```